THE
ANCIENT ROMAN THEATRE
According to the Roman
tradition, the theatre, even if of unpretentious proportions, was built
outside the urban centre along the road axis, the “via recta” which
made for easy access and flow. Always according to the architectural
canons prescribed by the famous architect Vitruvius, a correct exposure to
sunlight and wind has been particularly important both for suitable solar
lighting and for ideal air-conditioning. 

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The
surrounding natural landscape too was exploited with a view to the
general scenery. We find
realised all this in the theatre of Anzio placed high, on the plateau
called “of the Vignacce” (today Piazza del Teatro Romano), with
the cavea oriented from east to west in such a way that, from the
flight of steps, one could, a glance, abandon the scenic fiction and
reach to range from the shore studded with buildings, villas and
gardens, all along the coast-line.
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theatre has a diameter of 30 meters and it has a cavea subdivided
into eleven radial sectors, cut in half by a covered corridor
adorned by alternated pilasters. Three accesses, made by one
central and two lateral fornix, insured an optimum admittance and
a rational distribution of the audience into the different sectors. |
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While
the flight of steps has been destroyed, one can hardly recognise the
location of the orchestra, which had a diameter of about 10 meters.
The stage, closing the semicircle of the cavea, was divided into
four large bodies in brick which simmetrically created recesses and
projections, lights and shadows.
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At
the foot of the stage box two corridors allowed the passage of the
actors, back-drops and scenes. Behind the construction, closing the
stage, were located some little cubicles with barrel vaults entirely
covered by white marble, to be interpreted as dressing-rooms for
actors.
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The exterior
facade of the stage was embellished by a colonnade supporting a long
porch which exceeded the stage itself. All the remaining external front
of the theatre was decorated by a series of round barrel-vaults
supported by pillars adorned with half-columns. Both the pillars and the
half-columns were made of bricks and tiles and this kind of
architectural example was evidently executed with an extreme mastery,
both for the regularity of the joints and for the constant repetition of
the building technique and, most of all, for the cut and smoothness of
the small bricks forming the half-columns.
However, the regular holes of the cramps prove that in spite of such
precision, even the external front was covered by marble slabs. The
whole theatre building, embellished by numberless arcades and by shining
marble slabs, was lifted and exalted as a contrast on a high base of
great parallelepipeds in volcanic stone which, as a podium, insured a
solid static expedient in addition to a certain chromatic effect.
The porch built behind the stage originally had eight columns.
Afterwards, the last two columns of every side were incorporated into
two small rooms, in this way reducing their number to fourteen. Today
some bases of these columns are still visible. The grey ones, which were
made of the same volcanic stone of
low podium and were at the front, were probably not stuccoed and,
as often happened in the ancient world, they were made with material of
little value, just to emphasise, in this case, the chromatic effect we
were talking about before. If the columns were stuccoed, they were also
painted in artificial dark marble, similar to the grey stone of the
base, on which the whole edifice and the porch itself rested.
We know that the arcade was explicitly destined to protect the
spectators from sudden rain and to offer them a shady place during the
summer heat or, in any case, it was a place for walking and conversation.
The study of the walls gives the construction of the theatre to be
half-way through the first century AD, while the added rooms and some
little restoration can be dated between the end of the first century and
the first decade of the second century AD. Its quite reduced dimension
and the richness of its marbles did not make the theatre very popular
but rather destined it, from the Imperial Julia Claudia family which
built it, for the elegant and refined society that used to crowd Antium,
mostly during the summer time.
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